Lecture 10:  The French Revolution 
   
  A.  Two main phases of the French Revolution 
     1. Moderate, Constitutional Monarchy phase, 1789-1792 
     2. Radical, Republican phase, 1792-1794, after which
moderation returns, new regime of Directory installed from 1795-  
1799, ended by Napoleon's coup d'etat of Nov., 1799. 
   
 B. 1.  Constitutional Monarchy, 1789-1792 
         a. July 17, 1789  King Louis XVI comes to Paris, adopts
French tricolor symbolically accepting the revolution of Paris. 
   
         b.  The Great Fear. Nobles in National Assembly renounce
their feudal privileges. Some nobles already fleeing France in
summer of 1789, including the king's younger brothers, the Comte de
Provence and the Comte d'Artois.  Called emigre nobles, become
focus of hostility to the Revolution. 
   
        c. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
declared, August 26, 1789 (Spielvogel, p. 686).  Effectively
establishes Constitutional Monarchy, although the written
Constitution will not be completed until September, 1791. 
   
       d. Church and State. 
          1. French govt. Nationalizes the Catholic Church. 
          2. Oct., 1789, Bishop Talleyrand proposes selling off
Church lands to pay govt. debts.  
          3. Civil Constitution of the Clergy. 
      
      e. Women march to Versailles, journee of Oct. 5, 6, 1789. 
Royal family moves into Tuileries Palace.  Versailles never again
houses French kings; becomes museum symbolizing Louis XIV and
absolute monarchy. 
   
     f. France rationalized 
        1. From provinces to departments.   
        2. Weights and measures rationalized; France goes metric.. 
   
      g. Economic modernization 
        1. 1791, Le Chapelier Law abolishes guilds.  Economic
freedom joins freedom of speech, press, religion. 
   
      h. Flight to Varennes, June 20, 1791, 
   
      i. Declaration of Pillnitz by Emp. Leopold II of Austria and
Fred. Wm. II of Prussia, August 27. 
   
      j. Declaration of War, April 20, 1792, by Legislative
Assembly.    
      
      k. Journee of August 10, 1792. Royal family flees to
Legislative Assembly for protection.  Aug. 17, Gen. Lafayette
crosses over to the Prussian lines.   
   
      l. Sept. 2, news of fall of Verdun to Prussian army, road to
Paris open, led to mass hysteria in Paris. September Massacres. 
   
      m. Victory at Valmy, September 20, 1792; Prussians stopped as
Goethe watched, said that night, "Here and today a new epoch in the
history of the world has begun, and you can boast you were present
at its birth."  Next day, a deputy arose to declare that, just as
the Supreme Being has created equality in day and night on the Fall
Equinox, so equality must reign in France.  Monarchy abolished,
First French Republic declared Sept. 21, 1792. 
   
      n. Time starts anew:  new revolutionary calendar will start
the Year I with Sept. 21, 1792, abolishing old Christian calendar. 

  2. Radical, Republican Revolution, 1792-94 
      a. New revolutionary govt., one-house legislature called the
Convention replaces Leg. Assembly.  Monarchy abolished, king tried
for treason., Louis decapitated Jan. 21, 1793.  Queen followed him
to the scaffold in October. 
   
    b. Political factions:  Jacobins and Girondins 
      1. Key Jacobin figures of 1793 Georges Danton, Min. of
Justice, Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat, Louis-Antoine St.
Just. 
      2. Girondins more federalist, fear predominant influence of
Paris and the masses. By June, 1793, Girondins purged from the
Convention in another journee, arrested and many executed that fall
in the Reign of Terror, which lasts from June, 1793 until July,
1794.  Most bloody phase of revolution. 
   
   c. Reign of Terror 
      1. Committee of Public Safety, with seats rotating every two
months.  Several prominent Jacobins dominate, especially
Robespierre.  
      2. Levee en masse, mass conscription--the nation armed. 
      3. Marseillaise is born.  By 1794, French armies are pushing
into the Netherlands, on the offensive. 
   
    d. The Rights of Women? 
      1. Universal manhood suffrage granted:  what about women? 
      2. Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and
Citizen. 
      3. Women play key role in revolution, but Jacobins discourage
their active role in government. 
   
   e. Reign of Terror, or Republic of Virtue 
        1. Mostly nobles killed?  
        2. Danton and Desmoulins, fellow Jacobins, executed in
April, for being too soft. 
        3. Feared all out atheism, encouraged Festival of the
Supreme Being, with Jacques-Louis David stage-mastered for him on
20 Prairial II, June 8, 1794.  
        4. Two days later, law of 22 Prairial speeded up the
terror; of 2,639 guillotined, over half, 1,515, died during June
and July, 1794, and tended to be more upper class. 
        5. Ninth of Thermidor, fall of Robespierre. 
        6. After Ninth of Thermidor, the Terror collapsed.  Law of
22 Prairial repealed, membership of Rev. Tribunal purged; only six
people guillotined in August, 40 more over the rest of the year. 
August 11, Committee of Public Safety's duties redistributed,
except for war and foreign relations.  Prisons opened, 3,500 freed. 
   
    f. The Directory, 1795-1799.