The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought to have drawn his likenesses. 1: Zeno of Citium or Zeno of Elea? — 2: Epicurus — 3: Unknown — (Frederik II of Mantua?) 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? — ? 5: Averroes — ? 6: Pythagoras — ? 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? — ? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? — ? 9: Hypatia — (Francesco Maria della Rovere or Raphael's mistress Margherita.) 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? — ? 11: Parmenides? — ? 12: Socrates — ? 13: Heraclitus — (Michelangelo). 14: Plato holding the Timaeus — ( Leonardo da Vinci). 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics — ? 16: Diogenes of Sinope — ? 17: Plotinus? — ? 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students — ( Bramante)? 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? — (Baldassare Castiglione or Pietro Bembo). 20: Ptolemy — ? R: Apelles — (Raphael). 21: Protogenes — (Il Sodoma or Perugino