i.1. Clerke: Bartholomew Clerke (1537? - 1590) was born in the parts of Surrey that adjoin London. He attended Eton and was admitted as scholar to King's College, Cambridge in 1554. He was made fellow in 1557 and received the B.A. in 1559 and the M.A. in 1562. He studied at Paris, where he was offered 30 crowns to read a public lecture at Angers. Around 1563 he was lecturer of rhetoric at Cambridge, and one of the proctors for the academic year beginning 1564. Upon the death of Ascham, he was recommended as Elizabeth's Latin secretary by William Cecil, the Earl of Leicester and Dr. William Haddon. He was elected proctor again in 1569 and in 1571 was elected to parliament. He accompanied Lord Buckhurst to Paris in 1571 on an embassy to congratulate Charles IX on his marriage, and then lived with Buckhurst for some time after their return to England. In January of 1573 Clerke became a member of the College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons, and in May of that year was made Dean of the Arches. He was held in great esteem by Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, whose tutor he might have been.

i.2. Ciceronian: An inaugural lecture like the Rhetor, Harvey's Ciceronianus was delivered in the spring of 1576 and published in June of 1577. For the Latin text, along with a very fine English translation, introduction and commentary, see Wilson and Forbes, Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus, Univ. of Nebraska, 1945.

i.3. Lewin: William Lewin (d. 1598) entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1559, and received the B.A. in 1561-62 and M.A. in 1565. He was a fellow of Christ's from 1562 to 1571, Proctor for part of 1568 and Public Orator during 1570-71. He received the degree of LL.D. from Cambridge in 1576 and was appointed Judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, an office he held for the rest of his life.

i.4. The Courtier: Clerke's translation of The Book of the Courtier was first published in London in 1571 by J. Dayum, under the title De Curiali sive Aulico. The second edition was printed in 1577, the same year as the Rhetor was published, and by the same printer, Henry Bynneman. The work is discussed in J.W. Binns, Intellectual Culture in Elizabethan and Jacobean England: The Latin Writings of the Age, pp. 258 ff.

i.5. public endorsement: All the four individuals named below contributed commendatory materials that were published with Clerke's translation of The Courtier. Letters from Oxford, Buckhurst and Caius were printed in the preface, and a poem by Byng appears at the end of the work.

i.6. Oxford and Buckhurst: Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset and Baron Buckhurst (1536 - 1608), and Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford (1550 - 1604).

i.7. Caius and Byng: John Caius (1510 - 1573) was a scholar and physician. The Anglicized form of his last name is perhaps Kay or Kaye. He was born in Norwich and entered Gonville Hall at Cambridge in 1529, where he wrote a treatise on the pronunciation of Greek. He was appointed principal of Fiswick's Hostel in 1533 and elected fellow of Gonville Hall in the same year. He received his M.A. in 1535 and in 1539 went to Padua and lectured there on the Greek text of Aristotle. He studied medicine under John Baptist Montanus and anatomy under Andreas Vesalius. He was created M.D. at the university of Padua in 1541. While traveling extensively around Europe, he sought to obtain an accurate text of Galen and Hippocrates. He returned to England in 1544 and delivered lectures on anatomy for 20 years by order of Henry VIII. He was one of the physicians to Edward VII and then later to Mary. In 1557 he refounded Gonville Hall (Caius and Gonville College), and became master of the college in 1559. He was retained as court physician on the accession of Elizabeth, but in 1568 was dismissed for his Catholic sympathies. He devoted the later years of his life to writing a history of Cambridge.
  Thomas Byng (d. 1599) received his B.A. at Cambridge in 1556, was fellow of Peterhouse in 1558, M.A. in 1559 and LL.D. in 1570. He delivered a speech on the occasion of Elizabeth's visit in 1564, and was made proctor in the same year. In 1565 he was appointed Public Orator, received the M.A. from Oxford in 1566 and was made Master of Clare Hall in 1571. He was vice-chancellor of Cambridge in 1572 and again in 1578, and became Regius Professor of Civil Law in 1574. He edited Carr's translations of Demosthenes, and contributed verses to Wilson's translation of Demosthenes.

ii.1. The Faithful Subject: This polemical work was written at the urging of Lord Burghley and Archbishop Parker, as a response to De Visibili Ecclesiae Monarchia by the Catholic exile Nicholas Sanders, in which he challenged Elizabeth's right to the throne. Clerke's tract is mainly concerned with proving the legitimacy of Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn.

ii.2. my instruments: i.e. Nature, Art, and Practice, which Harvey often refers to in the Rhetor as instruments.

ii.3. as the wily Odysseus did in Homer: Harvey has made a mistake here. The episode to which he refers doesn't come from Homer, but from a fifth-century satyr play entitled Cyclops. Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 481F. The expression, "to ruin the wine by adding water," means to do a kindness for someone and then undermine it with some act of mischief.

ii.4. I have defined a Ciceronian etc. See Wilson and Forbes, Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus pp.77-79: "Tully demands of his orator, i.e., if I mistake not, of our Ciceronian, the power of invention; he demands judgment; he demands grace in the countenance, control in the voice, dignity in the gesture; he demands not a hazy but a definite and very profound knowledge of the most important subjects and arts. In short, he demands that comprehensive scope of knowledge which the Greeks call "general culture," a culture by which men are rounded off to absolute perfection in all particulars. One who had mastered all these attainments, and who copied all or most of the excellences of Cicero with an imitation not superstitious and worse than servile but free and enlightened, and who was, in a word, an accomplished master of forensics and, as the famous definition has it, 'a good man skilled in speaking well' such a one, and none other, I reckoned to be Cicero's ideal orator, a Ciceronian, and in short a second Cicero." [Forbes' translation]

ii.5. Cicero's orator: i.e. the ideal orator delineated by Cicero in the work entitled Orator.

ii.6. the seven: i.e. the Seven Liberal Arts.

iii.1. In his letter to Buckhurst that appears in the preface of De Curiali, Clerke explains that in translating Castiglione he was obliged to use many non-classical words, and even coin new ones; he therefore anticipates an attack from the Nizolistas, or followers of Nizzoli, those ultra-Ciceronians who believed that in writing Latin no word or phrase should be used that is not found in the works of Cicero. Mario Nizzoli (1498-1576), or Marius Nizolius as he was known in Latin, was a professor at the University of Parma and one of the staunchest defenders of a strict Ciceronian imitation. He is most famous for his Observationes in Marcum Tullium Ciceronem, a compilation of words and phrases taken from the works of Cicero to serve as a handbook for Latin composition. It was published in 1535 and later revised and expanded by others under the title Thesaurus Ciceronianus. In the course of time the name Nizolius became a generic term for such phrasebooks.

iv.1. Tusculan villa: Cicero's favorite country retreat. Cf. Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 44.14 and note.

iv.2. Bartolus and Baldus: Fourteenth century jurists. Clerke is referring here to the unpolished and, to a humanist, barbarous language of the legal profession. The two names are often paired in this context. See for example Erasmus, Ciceronianus 1011F.

2.1. from whose tongues . . . honey and nectar: Cf. Cicero, De Senectute 31; Homer, Iliad 1.249.

2.2. Byng and Dodington: Thomas Byng was at this time Regius Professor of Civil Law at Cambridge, and Bartholomew Dodington was Regius Professor of Greek.

2.3. Last year: i.e. at Harvey's commencement address in 1574, his first year as Praelector of Rhetoric. For a discussion of the dating of the Rhetor, see Wilson's introduction to Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus, pp. 5-6.

3.1. these walls of rhetoric: These words seem to indicate that this inaugural address was delivered not at a special venue but in the Schola Terentiana, the lecture hall devoted to rhetoric at this period. It was located on the upper floor of the west side of the Schools Quadrangle. See Robert Willis, The Architectural History of Cambridge [Cambridge, 1988], vol. 3, pp. 10, 17, 20-21.

3.2. verify my presence: Teachers' absences were taken seriously at Cambridge. Offenders were fined. See Cambridge Statutes, pp. 160-1.

4.1. old and . . . decrepit: At the time the Rhetor was delivered, Harvey was about 25 years of age.

4.2. Ciceronian: Harvey is referring to that ultra-Ciceronianism which held that Cicero should be the sole model of proper Latin style, and that no word or construction should be used that is not found in his works.

4.3. hyperattic: Cf. Lucian, Demonax 26, where the word is used to describe the speech of a man with an overly erudite and antiquated vocabulary.

5.1. to enjoy her company: Lit., "to have a thing with her." This colorless Latin idiom means "to have dealings with"; but in the comic poets it is used euphemistically to describe a sexual relationship, like the English "to have an affair with," and Harvey probably intended to suggest that meaning here.

5.2. the studies: For a description of these small carrels, see An Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, vol. 3, pp. 307ff.

6.1. Longeuil and Osorio: Christophe de Longeuil and Jeronimo Osorio da Fonseca were both famous for their adherence to a strict Ciceronian style. Longeuil (c. 1488 - 1522) was the son of a French bishop and Flemish woman and educated in France and Italy. In Rome he came under the influence of Bembo, who introduced him to the Ciceronians of the Roman Academy. His latinity won him a great reputation during his lifetime and he was created count palatine and apostolic protonotary by the pope. He declined an offer from Giulio de' Medici, the future Pope Clement XII, of a chair in Latin at Florence. His work, comprising mostly letters and speeches, was published in Florence in 1524 and many times thereafter.
  Osorio (1506 - 80) was a Portuguese bishop and humanist. In 1563 he wrote and published a famous letter to Queen Elizabeth in an attempt to persuade her to return to the Catholic faith. For an assessment of his style see William Lewin's prefatory letter in Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus, p. 40, and Harvey's own remarks on p. 56. For his reputation in England see Intellectual History in Elizabethan and Jacobean England, pp. 272 ff.

6.2. run: The reference is to Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 12.1.1: "Would that I could run right now to the embrace of my Tullia, and to the kiss of Attica!"

7.1. All the terms in this list were used figuratively by Cicero and other Roman writers to describe rhetorical embellishments.

7.2. Corydon or Tityrus: Two of the shepherds in Vergil's Eclogues.

8.1. Cortesis: Paolo Cortesi (1465/71 - 1510) was one of the most prominent Ciceronians in the age of Erasmus. Cortesi served the Roman Curia as an apostolic scriptor, and later as apostolic secretary. He wrote for Lorenzo de' Medici the first critical discussion of Renaissance humanistic Latin, De hominibus doctis. In a famous epistolary dispute with Politian, Cortesi proposed a strict Ciceronian imitation, and his ideas were later taken up by Bembo. To prove the versatility of the Ciceronian idiom, he wrote the Sententiarum libri quattuor, a presentation of scholastic theology in Ciceronian Latin.

9.1. as Crassus bids in Cicero: Cicero, De Oratore 1.158.

9.2. Ciceronian phrase book: A compilation of words and phrases taken from the works of Cicero, to serve as a handbook for Latin composition. The most famous was published in 1535 by Mario Nizzoli (F. Marius Nizolius) and entitled Observationes in Marcum Tullium Ciceronem. It was later revised and expanded by others under the title Thesaurus Ciceronianus.

9.3. crows and apes of Cicero: Cf. Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 54.31 and note.

9.4. I too in fact wanted etc. In Harvey's Ciceronianus, he gives a humorous account of this ultra-Ciceronian phase (pp. 58-68). Juan Luis Vives apparently was the first to use the superlative form of Ciceronian (Ciceronianissimus), in a description of Longeuil. See Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 54.30 and note.

11.1. An adaptation of a verse by Ennius quoted in Cicero, De Divinatione 1.132.

11.2. my colleague: This might very well have been Laurence Chaderton, a fellow of Christ's and Praelector of Logic. See E.S. Shuckburgh, Laurence Chaderton, D.D. [Cambridge, 1884] p. 5: "The interval between 1571 and 1584 seems to have been spent mainly at Christ's, where he held various college and university offices with credit . . . He read logic also in the public schools, and, lecturing on the Ars logica of Peter Ramus, roused a great interest in that study throughout the university." Chaderton is credited with introducing Ramist logic to England. See Logic and Rhetoric in England, 1500-1700, W. S. Howell, p. 179 and note.

12.1. Catullus, 62.62-64.

14.1. Crassus. Lucius Licinius Crassus (140 - 91 B.C.) was considered the greatest Roman orator of his day. Cicero made him the principal interlocutor in his dialogue De Oratore.

14.2. Cicero, De Oratore 1.113.

14.3. Cicero, De Officiis 1.110. See also Erasmus, Adagia 44A.

15.1. Antonius: Marcus Antonius (143 - 87 B.C.) was one of the most esteemed orators of his age. Cicero assigned him a major role in the dialogue De Oratore. He was the grandfather of the famous triumvir of the same name.

15.2. Cicero, De Oratore 1.126.

15.3. Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 566D.

16.1. Thersites: The ugly and deformed soldier in the Iliad who abused Agamamemnon at a council of the Achaeans and was beaten by Odysseus for his impudence (Iliad 2.211 ff.). Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 1020E.

17.1. most auspicious day of the month. Lit., most auspicious Kalends. In the Roman calendar, the Kalends (first day) of every month were sacred to Juno, who as a goddess of childbirth might be expected to especially favor a child born on that day. Harvey might here be thinking in particular of the feast of the Matronalia, which fell on the Kalends of March.

17.2. Terence, Andria 96-98: ". . . all with one voice proclaimed all my blessings, and praised my good fortune for having a son with such fine qualities."

17.3. Metelli: The Metelli were an extremely successful and prolific clan in Republican Rome. Harvey probably here has in mind Quintus Metellus, consul in 143 B.C., whose four sons also became consuls. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 81; Tusc. 1.85.

17.4. An adaptation of Vergil, Georgics 2.458-9.

19.1. divine utterance from heaven: Cf. Juvenal, 11.27; Erasmus, Adagia 258D.

19.2. sons of a white hen: i.e. especially favored sons. The origin of the expression is unknown. Cf. Juvenal 13.140-142; Erasmus, Adagia 58B.

19.3. This quote is taken from Livy, 6.18.5, where Capitolinus, encouraging the Roman plebeians to assert themselves against the patrician ruling class, asks "How long will you remain unaware of your own strength, which Nature wanted even the beasts to know?" Since Nature herself is quoting the statement, she recasts it in the first person.

20.1. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 9.7.2. See also Erasmus, Adagia 833F.

20.2. Cf. Apollodorus, Library 2.6.2, 4; Pausanias, 10.13.8.

21.1. Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.586.

21.2. unpedantic meticulousness: Terence in the prologue to the Andria (v. 21) applies the term obscura diligentia (pedantic meticulousness) to his over finical critics.

21.3. drawn by white horses: i.e. to outstrip easily, beat by a mile. Cf. Horace, Sermones 1.7.6-8; Erasmus, Adagia 159C.

22.1. If . . . the gods have sold their gifts etc. Cf. Hermogenes, Progymnasmata 3.23; Erasmus, Adagia 466B.

23.1. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.117.

23.2. homo novus: In ancient Rome a 'new man' was a magistrate whose ancestors had not held high office. Such men were commonly looked upon as upstarts by members of the old nobility, and were quite rare in the time of the late Republic, Cicero being the most notable example.

23.3. Quintus Varus etc. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.117.

23.4. reeled as if he were on a boat: Cf. Cicero, Brutus 216.

23.5. forgot the entire case: Cf. Cicero, Brutus 217.

23.6. was deserted by his audience: Cf. Cicero, Brutus 305.

23.7. because of the excellence of his words etc. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 220.

24.1. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.260. "And though Demosthenes stuttered so badly that he was unable to pronounce the first letter of his chosen art, through practice he became as clear a speaker as anyone." I've been unable to find where Harvey picked up the detail about the dog. If it's his own gag, it's a pretty good one. He mentions the dog again on page 103.

24.2. climbing steep slopes and holding his breath: Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.261.

24.3. Phalerum: As an exercise to strengthen his voice, Demosthenes would go to the beach at Phalerum and shout over the waves. Cf. Cicero, De Finibus 5.5; Plutarch, Moralia (Decem Oratorum Vitae) 844F.

24.4. verses of Sophocles or Euripides: Cf. Plutarch, Demosthenes 7.1-2. To prove to Demosthenes the importance of delivery, the actor Satyrus had him recite some lines from the tragic poets. After Demosthenes did so, Satyrus repeated the verses as an actor would deliver them, with skillful voice and gesture, so that to Demosthenes they seemed completely transformed.

24.5. lantern: This refers to Demosthenes's habit of working into the night. Cf. Plutarch, Demosthenes 8.3-4.

24.6. mirror: Demosthenes would declaim in front of a mirror in order to improve his delivery. Cf. Plutarch, Demosthenes 11.2.

24.7. What about your darling Cicero? For Cicero's natural weaknesses see Brutus, 313 and 316.

25.1. which Melissus criticized in our Vergil: Cf. Suetonius, De Grammaticis 21; Vita Vergilii 16.

25.2. similar . . . to a whetstone: Cf. Plutarch, Moralia (Decem Oratorum Vitae) 838E; Erasmus, Apophthegmata 364E; Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 98.21.

25.3. Horace, Ars Poetica 304-5.

25.4. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 32. Because of his weak voice and natural timidity, Isocrates devoted himself to teaching oratory and writing speeches for others.

25.5. Attic Siren: Cf. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1.17.

25.6. unique and perfect teacher and master: Cf. Cicero, Brutus 32; De Oratore 3.36.

25.7. from whose school: Before breaking off in mid-sentence, Harvey begins to quote from Cicero, De Oratore 2.94: ". . . Isocrates . . . from whose school, as from the Trojan horse, none but leaders emerged." A version of the quote is given in full on page 57.

26.1. your speech was said to flow like a river of gold: Cf. Cicero, Lucullus 119.

26.2. halting and stammering in speech: Cf. Diogenes Laertius, 10.1.1.

26.3. ass with a lyre: Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 164B.

26.4. Apuleiuses: Apuleius (ca.125 - 171 A.D.) was a Latin writer from North Africa. His major work was the long romance entitled Metamorphoses, sometimes known as The Golden Ass. The narrator of the story is a young man named Lucius, who is transformed by magic into an ass, has a number of adventures in this animal shape, and in the end regains his human form with the aid of the goddess Isis. The style of the work is very extravagant and eccentric. William Adlington, the first English translator of The Golden Ass and Harvey's contemporary, wrote of it: ". . . the author has written his work in so dark and high a style, in so strange and absurd words, and in such new and invented phrases, as he seemed rather to set it forth to shew his magnificence of prose, than to participate his doings to others."

27.1. Bembos . . . Osorios: A list of some of the most celebrated Latin stylists of the 16th century.

27.2. golden foundation: Harvey is here not quoting Pindar directly, but quoting Lucian quoting Pindar. See Lucian, Encomium Demosthenis 11.

28.1. We desire most fervently . . . majesty of eloquence: This is really pretty funny in the original: Harvey has put into the mouth of one of his young students a very intricate period. I felt compelled in the translation to divide it into two sentences.

28.2. in Plato's Symposium: Plato, Symposium 215b ff.

29.1. a great part of success is the desire to succeed: Seneca, Epistulae Morales 71.36.

30.1. art: The Latin word ars as used in this section has a rather broader range of meanings than the English art. It can mean, as here, the theoretical knowledge that one must acquire in order to attain proficiency in a given field. It can also mean a set of rules and principles intended to convey this knowledge, and even the book in which these rules are contained. Thus the word can be applied, for example, to Lyly's Grammar and Talon's Rhetorica. In the interests of coherence I've generally translated ars as art, even in those instances where the English word won't bear the sense.

30.2. point out the springs with his finger: Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.203, where Crassus uses this expression to describe his role as a teacher. He says that he cannot lead his listeners to eloquence like a guide leading travelers to a spring, but can only point out the way with his finger.

31.1. definitions . . . divisions . . . illustrations. Cf. Ramus, Scholae dialecticae, lib. 9, intro., in Scholae in liberales artes (1569), col. 310: "A legitimate description of the arts and sciences will consist of . . . definition, division, and illustration."

32.1. Horace, Ars Poetica 335-7.

32.2. Agesilaus chided the cobblers etc. Cf. Plutarch, Moralia 208C; Erasmus, Apophthegmata 94B.

32.3. Cf. Sententiae sive Loci Communes Utriusque Iuris, 1585, C4V.

33.1. artist: The Latin word here is artifex, which literally means art-maker. Since a rhetoric manual is an ars in Latin, the creator of a rhetoric manual might rightly be styled an artifex.

33.2. Omer Talon: Omer Talon (ca. 1510-1562), or Audomarus Talaeus as he is known in Latin, was a native of Vermandois. He became associated with Peter Ramus when he became a teacher at the University of Paris in 1544. Later in the same year Talon joined Ramus and Bartholomew Alexander in teaching at the College of Ave Maria, where he became professor of rhetoric. In 1545 he published the Institutiones Oratoriae as a companion piece to Ramus's Institutiones Dialecticae. A radical revision of this work was published in 1548, with the title Rhetorica. The work was immediately popular, passing through five editions in the first four years. Upon Talon's death, Ramus took over the work, with which he was probably deeply involved from the beginning. In 1567 he published a revised edition which was furnished with his "prelections," or explanations. He continued to put out new editions until his death in 1572. In 1584 Dudley Fenner published an English adaptation of the Rhetorica, followed by Abraham Fraunce in 1588. Both works are available in modern editions: Dudley Fenner, Artes of Logike and Rethoricke, in Four Tudor Books on Education, Robert Pepper, ed., Gainesville, Fla., 1966; Abraham Fraunce, The Arcadian Rhetorike, edited from the edition of 1588 by Ethel Seaton, Oxford, 1930.

34.1. Heinrich Schor: Heinrich Schor was from Flanders and became provost of the college of Surburg in 1566. The work mentioned here was a guide he prepared for the Latin school in nearby Saverne. It was entitled Specimen et forma legitime tradendi sermonis et rationis disciplinas, ex P. Rami scriptis collecta, et Tabernensi scholae accommodata: per Henricum Schorum Surburgensem praepositum . . . Cum praefatione Io. Sturmii. 1572. Part of Sturm's preface is quoted in Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus, p. 109.

34.2. Antoine Foclin: Like his teachers Ramus and Talon, Antoine Foclin (Foquelin, Fouquelin) was a native of Vermandois. He published in 1555 a French translation of Talon's Rhetorica entitled La Rhetorique Francoise d'Antoine Foclin de Chauny en Vermandois.

34.3. Arnaud d'Ossat: Arnaud d'Ossat (1536-1604) was a French diplomat, bishop and cardinal. At the time of this lecture he was an aide to the diplomat Paul de Foix, archbishop-elect of Toulouse.

34.4. Johann Thomas Freige: Freige (Freig, Frey) (1543-1583). The work here referred to was published in 1576, and serves as proof that Harvey did at least a little editing on the Rhetor before it was published.

34.5. Wilhelm Roding: Roding (1549-1603) commended Talon's Rhetorica in the preface to an edition of Ramus's Dialectica. For details about this edition see Walter Ong, Ramus and Talon Inventory p. 197. The preface is dated January 10, 1576, and so was written after Harvey delivered the Rhetor. Cf. Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus, p. 10 n.

34.6. Vessodus: The work by Vessodus referred to here is Vessodi Rhetorica et Dialectica [Lausanne, 1571]. Little seems to be known about Vessodus. He is mentioned in Freige's biography of Ramus, and in Richard Harvey's Ephemeron.

34.7. Beurhaus: Friedrich Beurhaus (1536-1609) was a German Ramist who was vice-rector of the school at Dortmund and prepared textbooks based on Ramus' works.

34.8. Baro: Peter Baro was a French protestant who because of the religious trouble in that country fled to England, where he was befriended by Burghley, the chancellor of Cambridge. He was admitted as a member of Trinity College, and lectured on divinity and Hebrew at King's. In 1574 he was chosen Lady Margaret professor of divinity, and was granted the D.D. by both Oxford and Cambridge in 1576. He then became engaged in religious controversy, and eventually lost the Lady Margaret professorship in 1598. He died a year later in London.

35.1. Eberhard: Eberhard (Evrard of Bremen, Evrard the German) composed Laborintus sometime in the thirteenth century. Written in elegiac verse, the work is a handbook on poetics. About a third of it is devoted to a treatment of rhetorical figures. For a short description see C.S. Baldwin, Medieval Rhetoric and Poetics, New York, 1928, pp. 189-191. E. Carlson translated it into English as an M.A. thesis (Cornell University, 1930).

36.1. lectures of Peter Ramus: This refers to the Scholae Rhetoricae, a single volume containing both the Brutinae Quaestiones and Rhetoricae Distinctiones in Quintilianum. See Ramus and Talon Inventory p. 435.

38.1. persuasion . . . entertainment . . . instruction. Harvey is referring to the three functions of oratory set forth by Cicero: to teach, to persuade and to entertain.

38.2. Cf. Cicero, Partitiones Oratoriae 139.

38.3. Cf. Cicero, De Fato 3.

39.1. Cf. Cicero, Orator 12.

39.2. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 120.

39.3. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 3.71.

39.4. Cf. Cicero, Orator 44.

39.5. Cf. Cicero, Topica 6.

39.6. Cf. Cicero, Orator 54.

39.7. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 140.

39.8. Cf. Cicero, Orator 61.

40.1. Cf. Cicero, Orator 55, 56.

40.2. eloquent wisdom: Literally, wisdom speaking copiously. Cf. Cicero, Partitiones Oratoriae 79.

41.1. The name of Cicero became attached to the Rhetorica ad Herennium at an early date, and his authorship remained unquestioned until the 15th century. For a discussion of the authorship of the Rhetorica ad Herennium see the introduction to the Loeb edition, p. viii ff.

41.2. rough material . . . from the notebooks of his youth: The reference is to De Inventione. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 1.5.

41.3. dialogues on the orator: i.e. De Oratore.

42.1. commentary of Omer: For the full title and description of this commentary on the Partitiones Oratoriae see Ramus and Talon Inventory p. 476.

43.1. whom Antonius never saw: Cf. Cicero, Orator 19.

43.2. idea in the mind of Cicero: Cf. Cicero, Orator 9-10.

43.3. commentary of Ramus: This work is entitled Ciceronis De optimo genere praefatio illustrata (1557). For a description see Ramus and Talon Inventory p. 295.

44.1. The poets must be read etc. Cicero, De Oratore 1.158-159.

45.1. Cf. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 1.10.1; Gabriel Harvey's Cicerononianus 76.36 and note.

45.2. In him the acumen . . . of the highest order: Cicero, De Oratore 1.128.

45.3. art of arts, discipline of disciplines: The phrase is attributed to Aristotle, who used it to describe philosophy. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 153 and note in Loeb edition.

45.4. Hesiod's Pandora: Cf. Hesiod, Works and Days 59-82.

46.1. Peitho: The Greek persuasion, personified as a goddess.

46.2. Marrow of Persuasion: A favorite expression of both Harvey and Ramus. Cf. Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 46.15 and note; Pedantius 1. 1590. The expression is derived from Ennius via Cicero. See Cicero, Brutus 59, De Senectute 50.

46.3. Vergil, Eclogues 4.49.

47.1. Virtue as a guide and Fortune as a companion. Cf. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 10.3.2; Erasmus, Adagia 1171E.

48.1. doctrine of homogeneity: Cf. Aristotle, Posterior Analytics 73a-b. Ramus's transformed this principle into his "law of justice," one of the three laws he used in organizing the arts. It was on the basis of this law that Ramus severed invention, judgment and memory from rhetoric. See Roland MacIlmaine's translation of Ramus's Dialectica, The Logicke of Peter Ramus, p. 4 (modern reprint, Catherine Dunn, ed., 1969): "For in this booke there is thre documents or rules kept, whiche in deede ought to be obserued in all arts and sciences. The first is, that in setting forthe of an arte we gather only togeather that which dothe appartayne to the Arte whiche we intreate of, leauing to all other Artes that which is proper to them, this rule (which maye be called the rule of Iustice) thou shalt see here well obserued."; See Howell, Logic and Rhetoric in England, p. 42, 149 ff.; Ong, Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue, pp. 239-240, 258-263; Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 92.20.

49.1. Cf. Terence, Andria 625-628.

49.2. Cf. Terence, Andria 236.

50.1. Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 551D; Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 1.20.3; 4.6.2.

50.2. Aesop's crow: This is a reference to Aesop's fable about the jackdaw who clothed itself in borrowed plumage. Horace in his allusion to the fable changes the jackdaw to a crow (Epistulae, 1.3.18-20).

51.1. Cornelia: She was the daughter of Scipio Aemilianus, and was considered by the Romans a paragon of womanhood.

53.1. Cf. Cicero, De Officiis 1.101.

53.2. Cf. psuedo-Cicero, Epistle to Octavius 7.

53.3. Cf. Cicero, Lucullus 91.

54.1. Cf. Cicero, Orator 114.

54.2. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 2.160.

54.3. Cf. Cicero, Academia 1.18.

54.4. Cf. Cicero, Lucullus 132.

54.5. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 2.160.

54.6. Cf. Cicero, De Officiis 1.4.

54.7. Cf. Cicero, Orator 172.

55.1. Cf. Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes 1.7.

55.2. See note below.

55.3. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 2.160.

55.4. At that time embellishments etc. Cf. Cicero, Orator 17.

56.1. Theodectes: The name of Theodectes became attached to Aristotle's Rhetoric at an early date. Cf. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 2.15.10.

56.2. jailhouse: Lit., mill. Slaves in antiquity were sometimes punished by being sent to the mill to turn the millstone.

57.1. separated in theory, combined in practice: Cf. Ramus, Scholae dialecticae, lib. 5, cap. 5, in Scholae in liberales artes (1569), col. 165: "But let us distinguish the precepts of the arts and, as Aristotle bids, assign to each art the rules proper to it: let us retain the common bond that they have, that is, let us combine their application. For the common bond of the arts lies not in mixing up their rules, but in combining their application."; Brutinae Quaestiones p. 16.

57.2. the school of Isocrates etc. Cf. Cicero, De Oratore 2.94.

58.1. showed how in Greece etc. Cf. Agricola, De inventione dialectica libri tres (1528), lib. 2, ch. 18, p. 294-296.

59.1. that golden chapter: Chapter 18.

60.1. eagles, wolves, goats: Harvey is alluding here to the ancient rhetoricians Aquila Romanus, Rutilius Lupus, and Martianus Capella (The Latin words for eagle, wolf, and goat are aquila, lupus, and capella). Aquila Romanus (3rd cent. A.D.) and Publius Rutilius Lupus (early 1st cent. A.D.) each compiled a collection of rhetorical figures entitled De figuris sententiarum et elocutionis. Both these works were printed in Venice in 1523 and in Paris in 1530. Martianus Capella wrote De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, that compendium of the seven liberal arts which was so popular in the Middle Ages. The fifth book deals with rhetoric. It was printed in 1499 and six more times before 1600.

62.1. divine commentaries: Talon's commentary on Cicero's De Oratore is entitled M. Tulli Ciceronis De oratore ad Quintum fratrem dialogi tres, Audomari Talaei explicationibus illustrati. For his commentary on the Partitiones Oratoriae see above, note 42.1 (Ong, p. 480).

62.2. Susenbrotus or Mosellanus: These were authors of traditional rhetoric textbooks in wide use at this time. Petrus Mosellanus (Peter Schade), before his untimely death in 1524, was a professor of Greek at the University of Leipzig. He wrote Tabulae de schematibus et tropis in 1516. It was used at Eton in 1530 and became the standard manual on style in British grammar schools. Johannes Susenbrotus (c. 1485-1542) was a schoolmaster at Ravensburg. His Epitome troporum ac schematum was printed in Zurich in 1541 and went through 23 editions before 1600. It was first printed in England in 1562 and came to supplant Mosellanus' work as the standard text on figures. See T.W. Baldwin, William Shakespere's Small Latine pp. 138-75.

62.3. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.856.

65.1. Valla: Lorenzo Valla was sometimes wrongly associated with the aristocratic Della Valle or Vallense family of Rome. He was not in fact a nobleman.

65.2. four topical instruments: Cf. Aristotle, Topics 105a ff. These words, along with the phrase to these two below, are printed in Roman letters in the original text, indicating that Harvey is quoting them from somewhere. I was unable to locate the source.

66.1. instruments of instruments etc. Cf. Aristotle, De Anima 432a: "The soul is like the hand, for the hand is an instrument of instruments." i.e. an instrument that uses other instruments.

66.2. nor should anyone be minded of The Praise of Folly . . . when he sings his own praises: In Erasmus' The Praise of Folly, Folly is itself the narrator.

67.1. "I, I, I" so often: In the Oratio in Pisonem Cicero uses the word ego 46 times. This is a great many, considering that in Latin the word is generally used only to convey emphasis.

67.2. Castiglione, Il Cortegiano 1.18:
"Then my lord Gaspar replied: 'As for me, I have known few men excellent in anything whatever, who do not praise themselves; and it seems to me that this may well be permitted them . . .' The Count then said: ' . . . as you say, we surely ought not to form a bad opinion of a brave man who praises himself modestly, nay we ought rather to regard such praise as better evidence than if it came from the mouth of others.' "
(The Book of the Courtier, transl. Leonard Eckstein Opdycke, New York, 1929)

69.1. wit of Caesar. This refers not to the famous dictator, but to C. Iulius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, the poet and orator whom Cicero represented as one of the speakers in the second book of De Oratore. As an orator he was known chiefly for his wit. Cf. De Oratore 2.216 ff., where he discourses on the use of wit in oratory; see also De Officiis 1.108; De Oratore 2.98.

69.2. Theophrastus: It was Aristotle who was said to have given Tyrtamus the name of Theophrastus, which is formed from the Greek words for "god" and "speak". Cf. Diogenes Laertius, 5.38; Cicero, Orator 62.

70.1. on the platforms of the temples: i.e. in the pulpits of the churches.

70.2. Ogmius etc. The story of Ogmius and his magical tongue is told in Lucian, Hercules 1-2.

71.1. the stone of Hercules: Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 283E.

71.2. Latin Anthology, 628 vv. 9-10, 12 (v.1, pt. 2). The poem from which these verses were taken was part of a collection entitled Carmina duodecim sapientium de diversis causis, dating to the late 4th or early 5th century A.D. In Harvey's time the poem was included among the spurious Epigrams of Vergil, which were published with his minor works. E.K. cites these epigrams in the Shepheardes Calender (gloss on April, v. 100).

72.1. Theseus: For Theseus as a community-builder, see Plutarch, Theseus 29.

72.2. On the role of eloquence in the origin of human societies, compare the conflicting views of Scaevola and Crassus in Cicero's De Oratore (1.33, 36).

73.1. cookery . . . wizardry . . . sorcery: Cf. the opening lines of the later (post '67) editions of Talon's Rhetorica: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well. When this ability is skillfully applied it can produce remarkable results. And for this reason Plato, angered by the Greek sophists and rhetoricians, likened the art to cookery, flattery, wizardry . . ."

73.2. Battus: For the story of Battus see Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.688 ff.

74.1. not . . . musical: In Latin, non musicae. Harvey might have intended this as a Latin equivalent of the Greek word amousos, meaning artless, crude. Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 588D.

74.2. Attic: Because of the cultural greatness of Athens, the word Attic came to signify excellence, especially in the arts. Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 92D.

74.3. Phoebus: This common epithet of Apollo means bright, shining.

75.1. Cf. Plato, Symposium 215b ff.

75.2. Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 267B.

75.3. Cf. Plato, Apology 21a.

75.4. Zopyrus: Zopyrus, after studying Socrates' features, concluded that he was dull-witted and a womanizer (Cicero, De Fato 10).

76.1. Socrates was Euripides: Cf. Diogenes Laertius 2.18, where he records that there was a common belief that Socrates assisted Euripides with his tragedies, and cites a couplet from Aristophanes' Clouds in support of this view. This couplet is not in fact from Aristophanes' Clouds, but from a play of the same name by Teleclides. Cf. Harvey, Marginalia 115.29 and note.

76.2. verses of Euripides . . . are his testimonies: Cf. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 16.8.2.

76.3. ironist: Cf. Cicero, De Officiis 1.108.

77.1. Aristophanes not just once . . . called him "wisest": The reference is to Aristophanes, Clouds 1377-79, where Pheidippides is justifying beating his father Strepsiades:
  Pheidippides: "Don't I have every right to beat you, for not praising wisest Euripides?"
  Strepsiades: "Wisest?! Him?! Why, you . . . but I better hold my tongue or I'll be beaten again."

77.2. Jove . . . would speak like Plato: Cf. Cicero, Brutus 120-121.

77.3. the Muses spoke with the voice of Xenophon: Cf. Cicero, Orator 62.

77.4. praise of a novel sort: The more common expression would be to say that Xenophon spoke with the voice of the Muses.

78.1. Indian elephant . . . Athenian fly: Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 359A.

79.1. moly: This was the magical root given to Odysseus by Hermes, to protect him against the magic of Circe. Cf. Homer, Odyssey 10.275 ff.

79.2. black root and milk-white flower: Cf. Homer, Odyssey 10.304.

79.3. golden bough on the tree: Cf. Vergil, Aeneid 187-188.

79.4. Hesiod's "sweat": Cf. Hesiod, Works and Days 289.

79.5. glorious effort of youth: Harvey seems to have misconstrued Theocritus 15.65.

79.6. bitter root and sweet fruit: Diogenes Laertius (5.18) reports Aristotle as saying "The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet." The same statement is attributed to Isocrates by Hermogenes (Progymnasmata 3.22). I couldn't find an attribution to Socrates and Cato.

79.7. horn of Amalthea: The cornucopia. Amalthea was the goat who suckled Zeus as an infant. Cf. Zenobius, Cen. 2.48.

81.1. The quote is from Ramus, Scholae Dialecticae, lib. 20, cap. 8, in Scholae in liberales artes (1569), cols. 598-599. In the original quote Ramus was describing dialectical Analysis and Genesis, so Harvey had to make a few modifications to the text to make it apply to rhetoric.

84.1. Phormio: The philosopher who lectured Hannibal on warfare, after which Hannibal said that he'd seen a lot of crazy old men in his time, but none of them crazier than Phormio (Cicero, De Oratore 2.75).

84.2. Dunsical or Dorbellical: For a similar derogatory reference to Duns Scotus and his followers see Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 50.35 and note; also Pierce's Supererogation 158: "Then asse . . . and foole and dolt and idiot, and Dunse and Dorbell and dodipoul . . . and all the rusty-dusty jestes in a country." Nicolas D'Orbellis (Dorbellus) was a 15th century Franciscan philosopher and theologian who won great fame expounding the teachings of Duns Scotus at the University of Angers. His chief work was a commentary on The Four Books of Sentences.

84.3. Harvey might here be making punning references to the names of specific individuals.

85.1. cudgel: in Latin, baculus. Harvey is playing on the word for bachelors, baccalaurei. They are more deserving of the baculus than the laurea.

86.1. shadowy, do-nothing god of Epicurus: Cf. Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.59. The Epicureans believed that the gods lived in passive serenity and played no part in the workings of the world.

86.2. sardanapalian: Sardanapalus (Ashurbanipal) was a king of Assyria whose name became synonymous with luxurious living. It was said that on his tombstone was inscribed the slogan "Eat, drink, and make merry." See Erasmus, Adagia 889F.

87.1. the dust of learning: The expression comes from the ancient practice of mathematicians and astronomers of drawing diagrams in the dust. Cf. Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.48.

87.2. the light of the forum: In Latin, lux forensis. A close modern equivalent might be the public spotlight. Cf. Cicero, Brutus 32.

88.1. know neither how to read nor swim: i.e., lack even the rudiments of knowledge. Cf. Plato, Laws 689d; Erasmus, Adagia 156C.

88.2. swim without a float: Cf. Erasmus, Adagia 313C; Horace, Sat. 1.4.120.

88.3. no one can inflict an injury on himself: Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics 1136b.

89.1. For nothing happens without a cause etc. This long-winded argument forms a single sentence in the original. In my translation I was obliged to divide it into three sentences, thus dampening the humor of it.

90.1. Nichomachean Axiom. i.e. that no one can inflict an injury on himself.

91.1. Culex 272.

91.2. Vergil, Aeneid 1.207.

92.1. language . . . thought: In Talon's Rhetorica, the figures were divided into figures of language and figures of thought. The distinction was based on whether the figures relied on sound or sense.

93.1. schematized: Cf. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 9.1.13.

93.2. dichoreus and . . . paeon: A dichoreus is a double trochee. Cf. Cicero, Orator 212. A paeon is a metrical foot consisting of one long and three short syllables in any sequence. Cf. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1409a2.

94.1. simple speech and dialogue: In the later editions of Talon's Rhetorica, the figures of thought were divided into those which consist of simple speech (logismos) and those that imply a kind of dialogue (dialogismos).

95.1. Pseudostrassburgers: The reference is to the followers of Sturm.

95.2. chameleons: According to the elder Pliny (Nat. 8.122) a chameleon neither eats nor drinks but subsists entirely on air.

96.1. Aeschines etc. This sentence is quoted almost verbatim from Cicero, De Oratore 3.213. Cf. Harvey's Letter-Book p. 82: " . . . the brave orator Aeschines is reportid on a tyme to have redd owte with a wonderfull greate grace (in the hearing of ye Rodians, amongst whome he then soiornid,) that noble oration of Demosthenes in defence of Ctesiphon."

96.2. speech . . . in defense of Ctesiphon: The speech now familiarly known as On the Crown.

96.3. scale of Critolaus: Cf. Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes 5.51; Gabriel Harvey's Ciceronianus 52.13. Critolaus was the head of the Peripatetic school in the 2nd century B.C., and was a member of the famous delegation of philosophers who went to Rome in 156/5.

96.4. touchstone . . . gold of rhetoric: Cf. Ramus, Scholae dialecticae, lib. 7, cap. 15, in Scholae in liberales artes (1569), col. 263: "For Analysis is the touchstone by which we test the gold of logic. Nay more, it is the living flame of nature by which we verify, confirm, and illuminate the gold of logic."

97.1. Plato, Gorgias 448c.

97.2. experience and observation: Ramus here uses the Greek words empeiria and historia. Maybe historia should be translated as research or inquiry, but Ramus in the Scholae Dialecticae (col. 318) glosses it as observatio, and observation seems to better fit Harvey's context.

97.3. Ramus, Scholae dialecticae, lib. 7, cap. 8, in Scholae in liberales artes (1569), col. 258.

99.1. Cicero, De Oratore 1.150.

99.2. Cicero calls the pen a craftsman in Epistulae ad Familiares 7.25.2; an artist in Brutus 96.

99.3. Cicero, De Oratore 1.150.

100.1. altered and modified words: i.e. words used in an altered or modified sense, tropes.

100.2. In this sentence Practice lists all the figures of language treated in Talon's Rhetorica, and in the same order. Epizeuxis is the vehement or emphatic repetition of a word. Anadiplosis is the beginning of a sentence, line, or clause with the concluding, or any prominent, word of the one preceding. Gradation, or climax, is a figure characterized by the arrangement of propositions or ideas in order of increasing importance, force, or effectiveness of expression. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or phrase in several successive clauses. Epistrophe is the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses. Symploce is a combination of anaphora and epistrophe. Epanalepsis is the repetition of a word or clause following intervening matter. Epanodos is the repetition of a sentence in inverse order. Agnomination, or paronomasia, is a play on words. Polyptoton is the employment of the same word in various cases.

101.1. Practice lists all the figures of thought in Talon's Rhetorica, and in the same order. An exclamation is a word that raises the emotional tone of an utterance, like O or alas. An epiphonema is an exclamatory sentence, or striking reflection, which concludes a passage. License is boldness, freedom of speech. Epanorthosis involves the correction of a word or statement just uttered. Aposiopesis is a pause in the midst of a speech. Apostrophe is a direct address to another person. Prosopopoeia is the assumption of another persona. Hesitation, or aporia, is assuming an attitude of doubt. A consultation is a figure of speech in which one turns to his hearers and, as it were, allows them to take part in the inquiry. Anticipation, also called prolepsis, is the anticipation of an opponent's objections. A permission is a rhetorical figure in which a thing is committed to the decision of one's opponent. A concession is granting an opponent's argument.

101.2. the Senate: i.e. the University Senate.

102.1. Polyhymnia: The Muse of rhetoric. Cf. E.K.'s gloss on April, v. 100 in Spenser, The Shepheardes Calender.

103.1. voice instructors . . . actors, etc. Cf. Talon, Rhetorica p. 58 (Basle, 1569); "Yet we lack a teacher for this great art of delivery, a voice instructor, a stage actor, a trainer of gladiators, a wrestling coach, Demosthenes and Cicero, that is, a real orator, by whose example a student of eloquence might be trained."

103.2. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1404b.

103.3. Theodectean: The name of Theodectes became attached to Aristotle's Rhetoric at an early date. Cf. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 2.15.10.

103.4. that dog: See above, note 24.1.

104.1. This sentence is taken almost verbatim from Cicero, De Oratore 3.225.

104.2. Vergil, Aeneid 1.327-330.

105.1. Preston: Thomas Preston (1537-1598) was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. He received the B.A. in 1557 and M.A. in 1561. When Queen Elizabeth visited Cambridge in 1564, Preston performed in the tragedy Dido, and delivered a speech, for which the Queen rewarded him with a yearly stipend. He was made proctor in 1565 and received the DD.L. in 1576. In 1584 he was appointed master of Trinity Hall and was vice-chancellor of Cambridge 1589-90. Preston was a pioneer in the English drama and wrote a tragedy based on the life of the Persian king Cambyses. He contributed Latin verses to Carr's Demosthenes.

106.1. The Titius: Cf. Cicero, Brutus 225.

107.1. speak from a boat: Curio swayed so much when he spoke that an onlooker once asked "Who's the guy speaking from a boat?" (Cicero, Brutus 216)

107.2. devoured by flies: See Cicero, Brutus 217: "When as tribune of the people he had presented the consuls Curio and Octavius, and Curio had spoken at great length, while his colleague Octavius sat by swathed in bandages and reeking of medicinal salves for his gout, Sicinius said, turning to Octavius: 'You can never thank your colleague enough, Octavius; for if he had not thrashed about in his way, the flies would surely have eaten you alive right here and now.' " [Loeb translation]

107.3. the mime Dionysia: Cf. Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 1.5.2-3; Cicero, Brutus 303.

107.4. Cf. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoriae 6.3.54.

109.1. Johann Sturm, Liber academicus de exercitationibus rhetoricis, Strasbourg, 1575.

109.2. a speech . . . against Milo: One of Cicero's most famous speeches is a defense of Milo.

110.1. Liber academicus de exercitationibus rhetoricis, F7-G1.

110.2. declamations of Seneca and Quintilian: Quintilian's Major and Minor Declamations and the elder Seneca's Controversiae.

111.1. Latin toga . . . Attic pallium: i.e., they were once known only in Latin translation, but can now be read in the original Greek.

111.2. This is titled Tyrannicida, or The Tyrannicide.

111.3. English translations of these declamations can be found in The Complete Works of St. Thomas More, volume 3, part 1, and The Collected Works of Erasmus, volume 29.

111.4. Harvey has in mind works like Valla's Adversus Livium Disputatio and Ramus's Quaestiones Brutinae.

111.5. letter of Petrarch: Petrarch, Letters 24.3.

112.1. 230 years ago: This is evidence that the Rhetor was delivered in 1575. Petrarch's letter was dated 1345.

112.2. Horace, Ars Poet. 343. Niall Rudd's note on the line is worth quoting: "The combination of dulce [sweet] and utile [useful] is by no means a bland, superficial formula. If dulce is taken as including every delight, and utile as embracing everything that helps us to understand and cope with our human condition, then the terms are capable of illuminating the whole of art." [Horace, Epistles Book II and Epistle to the Pisones, Niall Rudd, ed., Cambridge, 1989]

112.3. Cf. Lucian, Hist. Conscr., 9.

112.4. episodes: Cf. Aristotle, Poetics 1459a30-37: ". . . Homer's inspired superiority over the rest can be seen here too: though the war had beginning and end, he did not treat its entirety, for the plot was bound to be too large and incoherent, or else, if kept within moderate scope, too complex in its variety. Instead, he has selected one section, but has used many others as episodes, such as the catalogue of ships and other episodes by which he diversifies the composition." [Loeb translation]

113.1. magistery: The power to transform nature, sometimes associated with the philosophers' stone. Cf. the citation in the OED: "He that hath water turn'd to ashes, hath the Magistery, and the true Philosophers' stone." (James Howell)

113.2. Ovid, Ars Amatoria 2.675-676. In the passage from which this quote was taken, Ovid is listing reasons why older women make good lovers.

114.1. Diogenes Laertius, 1.99; Erasmus, Adagia 466A.

114.2. a channel through the Isthmus: Harvey seems to have misinterpreted his source. A channel wasn't cut through the Isthmus of Corinth until the 19th century. See Erasmus, Adagia 1030B.

116.1. Terence, Eunuchus 296-297.

123.1. instruments of instruments: See above, note 66.1.




















notes by magreyn