Definition of -
"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers." (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86)

Vygotsky and Marxism -
"We must not lose site of Vygotsky's philosophical commitment to Marxism, or more specifically, of Vygotsky's commitment to a psychology based on Marxist premises. (Bruner, 1984, pg. 93)

"I believe that the idea is a fusion of the idea of collectivism and of the role of consciousness. Indeed, as I see it, the ZPD is a direct expression of the way in which the division of labor expresses itself in a collectivist society. It involves a sharing not only of knowledge but of consciousness, albeit an historically shaped consciousness. Those who "know" more, those who have "higher" consciousness share it with those who know less, who are less developed in consciousness and intellectual control." (Bruner, 1984, pg. 94)