2009 ARKANSAS

^{Last updated: 24 August 2009}

Go To: 2009 DEGREE-DAYS

NEW Go To: Arkansas Grape Berry Moth DD Map

** Print Insect Trap Recording Form (pdf)**

Scroll Down for RECOMMENDATIONS

BRAMBLES:

Raspberry Crown Borer: (Article: Scroll to pp. 6-9 = “Raspberry Crown Borer Biology/Management” or “RCB Facts”)

- mid September to mid October, adult moths emerge, mate and lay eggs on underside of upper canopy blackberry leaves, eggs hatch by late October and larvae walk to the base of the cane, chew into the cane just below the soil surface and hibernate. Larvae begin tunneling in crown in early April and by late May tunnel into lower floricanes and primocanes causing canes to wilt and die (turn brown to ground)

Scouting: Weekly in October, check underside of upper canopy leaves for brown eggs.

Control: in late October or early November or by bud break in spring, kill newly emerged, hibernating larvae by applying a soil drench to the base of canes using bifenthrin (Brigade 2EC, Capture 2E) or diazinon (Diazinon 5W, Diazinon 50W, Diazinon AG600 WBC).

* LOOK FOR FALL WEBWORMS (photo) INSIDE WEBS ON FRUIT PLANTS DEFOLIATING OCCASIONAL LIMB– Recommend Hand Removal.

* LOOK FOR YELLOWNECKED CATERPILLARS (photo) DEFOLIATING OCCASIONAL BLUEBERRY PLANTS– Recommend Hand Removal.

Degree-day = DD = average daily temperature – base development temperature of insect

= (Max. daily temp. + Min. daily temp) / 2 – base temp

Mean Trap Counts in NW Arkansas

	Hindsville (grape)		UA-Fayetteville (Organic apple)		UA-Fayetteville (conventional apple)			Purdy, MO (grape)
Date	Block 4 GBM	Block 6 GBM	OFM	CM	OFM	CM	SJS	GBM
3/23			set	set
3/27			0.5	0	3	0	Set
4/2			0	0	0	0	0
4/6			0	0	2	0	0	set
4/14			0	0	0	0	miss
4/17			0	0	0.5	0	set
4/20	set	set		0		0
4/23			2.5	0	9.5	0	0	42
4/28			0	0.5	3.5	0
5/5			0	0	2.5	0	0
5/11	2	-						1
5/19			0	0	0	0
5/22	-	1
5/30			0	0	0	0	0
6/4	4	2	0	0	0	0	0	2
6/10			0	0	3	0	removed
6/18-19	0	0	0	0	1	0
6/24			0	0	8	0
6/29			3.5	0	6	0
7/10-11	0	0	1	0	7.5	0
7/15-17	0	0
7/20			0	2	3	2
8/3			1.5	0	6.5	0
8/24	0	0

CM = codling moth; OFM = Oriental fruit moth; GBM = grape berry moth

Cumulative Degree-day Graphs See Picture of Pest

Codling Moth See CM moth

Plum Curculio See PC weevil

Grape Berry Moth See GBM moth

See Grape Phylloxera

Oriental Fruit Moth See OFM moth

San Jose Scale See SJS life cycle

GRAPES:

Grape Berry Moth (GBM): 1st trap catch on 20 April

1^st larval hatch (400-800 DD) from 10 May to 2 June (Clarksville) from 13 May to 8 June (Fayetteville).

2^nd larval hatch (1300-1700 DD) begins by 17 June (Clarksville) and 22 June (Fayetteville).

3^rd hatch (2300 DD on) begins 12 July (Morrilton), 16 July *Clarksville) and 21 July (Faetteville)

Scouting: Weekly, check 100 clusters in the edge row by woods for first sign of GBM larval feeding damage. (Click to see online GBM graph).

Grape Phylloxera (GP): Click: How to decide to spray against GP crawlers (in May or June).

Best way to time insecticide spray against GP crawlers is to check galls weekly and do not spray until you see yellow crawlers in mature galls on the 2^nd or 3^rd leaf on susceptible cultivars, e.g., Cayuga White, Chambourcin, Humbert, Norton, Rosette, Rougeon (Seibel), Vignoles and Villard Noir.

GP Biology: The yellow crawlers hatch from overwintered eggs in April. The crawlers feed on 2^nd to 4^th expanding leaves and infested leaves form a gall around feeding GP.

Experimental DD model: Begin accumulating degree-days after you see 1^st gall on 2^nd or 3^rd leaf in mid- to late April (base 43.5 F). Predicted 2^nd generation crawler emergence period is between 554-800 DD after galls first appear in April. Crawlers should be present from 11 to 23 May (Clarksville) and from 12 to 26 May (Fayetteville) or 3^rd gen. crawlers (1200 DD) appear 12 to 14 June (Click to see graph).

Scouting: It is recommended to make weekly inspections of blocks of susceptible cultivars for GP crawler emergence in May. Pull apart or cut open galls and use a 10X magnification hand lens to look inside the gall for moving yellow GP crawlers (Click to see pictures).

Control: The Midwest Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide 2009 recommends control of grape phylloxera by one of two means:

(1) soil applied systemic insecticide Admire Pro or Couraze or Nuprid (all are imidacloprid formulations) applied to soil in April (allow compound to move systemically from roots to foliage by the time crawlers emerge in May) or

(2) foliage application of Assail, Danitol or Movento when you see yellow crawlers moving from mature leaf galls to expanding leaves to form new galls (Click to see Grape Spray Guide).

BRAMBLES:

Rednecked cane borers (Click to see gall and adult): We saw adults on blackberry primocane leaves from mid-May to 12 June.

Adults inject eggs into the cane during May and early June. By late July, infested primocanes will form a gall where the larva has girdled the cane. From August to the next spring, you can split any galled cane and find a white, thin rednecked cane borer larvae tunneling inside the pith.

Scouting: During the adult emergence period (May to early June), you should walk your blackberry planting twice a week to scan primocane leaves for presence of adult rednecked cane borers. If adults are found, keep the planting sprayed with insecticide to kill adult rednecked cane borers, prevent egg laying and minimize number of larvae boring in canes which causing galls. The only known management tactic is to apply insecticide.

Control: The only registered compound is imidacloprid (Admire Pro or Admire 2F) Read the label before applying.

Stink bugs: Stink bugs are appearing in bramble and other fruit plantings.

Scouting: Now until harvest, make weekly inspections of berry clusters for presence of brown and/ or green stink bugs. In May, you should start seeing egg masses and immature stink bugs (nymphs) on the fruit clusters.

Control: Time insecticide sprays against nymphs since they are more susceptible to insecticides than adults.

Twospotted spider mites: Twospotted spider mites have been observed to be bronzing leaves (sucking out chlorophyll) on blackberry and raspberry leaves growing in high tunnels.

Scouting: Use a 10X hand lens to see the mites on underside of leaf. One predatory mite was found feeding on these spider mites.

Control: If predatory mites are too low to reduce the spider mites, you may have to spray leaves, especially undersides, with a synthetic miticide or biopesticides such as Aza-Direct, or 1% solution of either JMS Stylet Oil or M-Pede or purchase and on mite-infested plants sprinkle on predatory mites (Neoseiulus fallacis; source: Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc., Ventura, CA 93002, 800-248-2847, www.rinconvitova.com).

APPLE & PEACH:

Plum Curculio should be active in apple after petal fall and peach after shuck split –

Overwintered adults dispersed into orchards (from 100-400 DD), fed on fruit and laid eggs from 15 Apr. to 5 May (Hope), from 21 Apr. to 8 May (Clarksville) and 21 Apr. to 13 May (Fayetteville). Larvae exit fruit in mid to late May, enter soil under fruit trees and pupate.

2^nd generation adults emerged from soil after 1200 DD or by 12 June (Hope), 16 June (Clarksville), and 20 June (NW Arkansas) and will cause fruit feeding damage until harvest (Click to see graph).

Scouting: weekly, inspect 100 fruit along the orchard perimeter (10 fruit on each of 10 trees randomly selected) for feeding damage.

Oriental Fruit Moth – This pest has five or more generations of larvae each summer and feed inside apples and peaches.

1^st larval hatch (400-700 DD) from 22 Apr. to 5 May (Morrilton), from 26 Apr. to 13 May (Clarksville) and from 30 Apr. to 17 May (NW Arkansas).

2^nd larval hatch (1300 to 1700 DD) from 30 May to 15 June (Hope), from 6 to 20 June (Clarksville) and from 11 to 24 June (NW Arkansas).

3^rd to 5^th larval hatches (2200 DD on) from 24 June on (Hope), from 4 July on (Clarksville) and from 9 July on (NW Arkansas).

Scouting: Evidence of 1^st generation OFM activity in peaches is determined by scanning terminals of 30 or more trees for dying terminals to see if a tunnel or a larva is inside (flagged terminals). In apples, inspect at least 100 fruit (10 fruit on each of 10 trees randomly selected across the orchard) for larval entry, holes and frass (Click to see graph).

Codling moth – 1^st trap catch occurred on 25 April (Fayetteville) –

1^st larval hatch (250-700 DD) from 5 May to 29 May (Morrilton), from 7 May to 2 June (Clarksville) and from 11 May to 6 June (NW Arkansas).

2^nd larval hatch period (1250-1700 DD) began on 19 June (Clarksville) and 26 June (NW Arkansas).

3rd to 4^th larval hatch periods (2250 DD on) from 24 July on (Morrilton), 28 July on (Clarksville) and 1 August on (NW Arkansas).

Scouting: During the hatch period above, inspect at least 100 fruit (10 fruit on each of 10 trees randomly selected across the orchard) for larval entry, holes and frass (Click to see graph).

San Jose Scale - 1st male flight usually occurs by 10 April (200 DD after 1 Jan.) –

1^st crawler period (400-700 DD) occurred from 3 to 24 May (Hope), from 11 May (Clarksville) and from 24 May to 8 June (NW Arkansas).

Second crawler hatch > 1600 DD occurs by 28 June (Hope), 2 July (Clarksville) and 12 July (NW Arkansas).

Scouting: By the 1st week of May, wrap double sticky Scotch tape around live scale-infested branches and check tapes weekly for presence of yellow to amber colored crawlers. Keep trees protected with insecticide during scale crawler emergence period in May (Click to see graph). 

^{Scouting & Management Recommendations}

^{Strawberry Clipper (SC)}

^{SCOUTING: From 1st open flower (strawberry or blackberry) April to early May, make weekly inspections of 100 flowering clusters for presence of cut flower bud stems or jar 100 flower clusters over a white paper dinner plate and note number of clipper weevils (1/16" long with snout).}

^{CONTROL: If > 1% of clusters have severed flower stems or you one or more weevils per 100 clusters, then apply insecticide only in evening after flight of pollinators has ended. Currently, Actara, Bifenthrin (Brigade or Fanfare), Mustang Max or Sevin are registered against clipper on brambles.}

^{Stink Bugs (SB)}

^{SCOUTING: From mid April to harvest, make weekly inspections of 100 fruit clusters for presence of SB nymphs.}

^{CONTROL: If > 5% of clusters have stink bug nymphs (no wings) then apply insecticide only in evening after flight of pollinators has ended. Currently, only Actara and Pyganic are registered against SB on brambles.}

^{Rednecked Cane Borer (RNCB)}

^{SCOUTING: From 1 May to early June, make weekly inspections blackberry primocanes during the day}

^{CONTROL: If > 5% fruited canes with RNCB galls and you observe RNCB adults on primocanes, then apply insecticide to primocanes in only in evening after flight of pollinators has ended.}

^{Currently, only Admire (Pro or 2F) is registered against RNCB on brambles.}

^{Oriental Fruit Moths (OFM)}

^{SCOUTING: We started trapping oriental fruit moths by 21 March in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Traps are to be set in apple or peach trees by late March and checked for moth catch weekly - record the date of 1st trap catch (biofix). Weekly from late April through rest of summer, look for flagged peach terminals (dying terminal with tunneled pith) and randomly select 100 fruit and cut open to check for larvae. Spray young peach trees to prevent terminal flagging which adversely changes tree canopy shape.}

^CONTROL:

^{After 1st trap catch, spray trees from 400 to 700 DD (base 45F) - Spray for 2nd generation from 1300 to 1700 DD - Spray for 3rd and later generation larvae after 2200 DD until harvest.}

^{Mating disruption (MD): MD is really effective against Oriental fruit moth in orchards > 5 acres. Procedure: before 1st flight of 2nd generation adults (mid May or 800 DD), Tie 100 Isomate-M Rosso MD ropes/acre as high in the tree as you can reach. Note, these MD dispensers prevent OFM mating for at least 90 days in Arkansas. Call Donn Johnson (479-575-2501) if you have questions about using MD ropes. Traps & MD Source:}

^{1) Pacific Biocontrol Corp, Vancouver, WA 98685; Telephone 1-800-999-8805;}

^{2) Great Lakes IPM, INC., Vestaburg, MI 48891; 989-268-5911 or 800-235-0285}

^{Codling Moth (CM)}

^{SCOUTING: Codling moths were first trapped on 23 April in NW Arkansas. Traps are to be set in apple trees by 1 April and checked weekly for moths. Record the date of 1st trap catch (biofix). Weekly from early May through rest of summer, randomly select 100 fruit and check for larval feeding holes in skin or larvae inside apple.}

^{CONTROL: After 1st trap catch, spray trees from 250 to 700 DD (base 50F) - Spray for 2nd generation from 1250 to 1700 DD - Spray for 3rd generation from 2250 DD to harvest if you still see feeding damage and larvae in apples}

^{Mating disruption (MD): MD is effective against codling moth in orchards > 5 acres. Procedure: before 1st flight of 2nd generation adults (early to mid June or 900 DD), place 200 Isomate-CTT ropes/acre over terminals in upper third of canopy. Note, these MD dispensers prevent CM mating for up to 120 days in Arkansas. Call Donn Johnson (479-575-2501) if you have questions about using MD ropes.}

^{Traps & MD Source:}

^{1) Pacific Biocontrol Corp., Vancouver, WA 98685; Telephone 1-800-999-8805;}

^{2) Great Lakes IPM, INC., Vestaburg, MI 48891; 989-268-5911 or 800-235-0285)}

^{Grape Berry Moth}

^{SCOUTING: As of 20 April, we trapped the 1st grape berry moths in St. James, MO – buds were just breaking. From 1 April to late May, have 2 or 3 GBM pheromone traps set 6 ft above ground from tree limbs at edge of woods adjacent to vineyard.}

^{In late May, move traps to interior of vineyard. Weekly after berries exceed 1/8” diameter (pea-size), check 300 clusters in perimeter row and 2nd row for damage (purple coloration of skin) and use knife to lift damaged berry skin to see if a larva is present.}

^CONTROL:

^{In May and early June, if > 1% of clusters have new damage with larvae present then spray 1 or 2 rows around vineyard perimeter. Usually damage by 1st generation larvae is restricted to perimeter vines, sometimes you see damage in the second row.}

^{In late June and early July, treat whole vineyard for second generation larvae.}

^{San Jose Scale (SJS) or Grape Scale (GS) or Grape Phylloxera (GP)}

^{SCOUTING: SJS, GS and GP crawler emergence spray periods occur during May.}

^{1) Set out SJS pheromone traps in scale-infested fruit trees by 1 April, note date of 1st trap catch & begin accumulating degree days above 51F (crawler hatch begins at 400-700 DD after 1st trap catch).}

^{2) In late April and again in June or early July, place several strips of either double sticky Scotch tape or Scotch tape (sticky side out) around infested grape canes (GS or GP) or fruit tree limbs (SJS).  Begin checking twice weekly for yellow crawlers on tapes (1/32 inch long = size of pin head; use a hand lens).}

^{CONTROL: Keep fruit trees or grapevines protected with insecticide as long as live yellow crawlers (SJS, GS or GP) persist in May (2 to 3 weeks).}

^{Japanese Beetle (JB) (Click to see more on JB)}

^{SCOUTING: Watch for the 1st foliar damage by adult JBs = mid to late June. Foliar feeding damage (skeletonized leaves) continues on susceptible plants from late-June through July.}

^{CONTROL: By 1 July, protect susceptible foliage (upper third of canopy where JB are feeding) with insecticide and repeat insecticide sprays every 10-14 days or apply Surround kaolin clay to foliage and reapply after rain washes it off} 

^Mites

^{SCOUTING: Weekly from early May through harvest, locate blocks of mite-susceptible cultivars of apple and peach, especially trees sprayed with a pyrethroid insecticide - select 100 leaves randomly (10 leaves from 10 trees) and inspect for presence of spider mites and predatory mites.}

^{CONTROL: Spray when trees exceed thresholds of:}

^{In May, > 65% mite infested leaves (> 2.5 mites/leaf)}

^{In June, > 77% mite infested leaves (> 5 mites/leaf)}

^{In July, > 85% mite infested leaves (> 7.5 mites/leaf)}

^{Grape Root Borer (GRB)}

^{SCOUTING: Set out pheromone trap inside vineyard by 15 June and check for moth catch biweekly. Monthly in mid July and mid August, select randomly 100 vines per block and look at the soil within 1-1/2 ft of trunk. Count the number of amber GRB pupal skins laying on the soil surface. In 2005 and 2006, we saw less than 5% of vines with pupal skins.}

^{CONTROL: Pupal skin counts > 10% this summer may indicate the need next summer (by 1 July) to either: 1) apply Lorsban to soil on 1-1/2 ft swath either side of trunks or 2) mass trap males by setting out one GRB pheromone trap per acre to capture males. This latter approach slowly reduces GRB population in the area over several years (mass trapping is still an experimental approach I am conducting).}

^Main

^{Email To: dtjohnso@uark.edu}

^{Donn Johnson (Faculty Web Page)}

^{Webmaster: Donn Johnson: dtjohnso@uark.edu}