Review for DB topics  [complete]
Test #1 - Feb  26, 2003  

Main points and/or questions below should help you focus.
Topics for which there is no text chapter have been outlined basically as
the material was presented in lecture.
Although lecture notes are important, do not neglect the text. 
**Figures from or similar to text material may be included on the test.

I.  Overview and historical notes [Chpt 1 and 2 overview]

     From observational to experimental
        give examples from each of these two approaches and what 
        information each example contributed to the understanding of 
        develpoment

     Explain the concepts presented in Fig 1.6 and 1.7

     Distinguish between regulative and mosaic development 
     Relate the concept shown in Fig 1.25 to the above.
 
     What is the significance of gastrulation? 
     What are the fates of the cells in each germ layer?

     Correlate the concept of differential, or progressive,
       gene activity with the concept of epigenesis

     What is the experimental evidence for morphogens?

     Distinguish between determination and differentiation.
       Why is the differentiated state generally considered to be
         irreversible?

     Why are Drosophila, frogs, and mice, all consisdered to be 
      good model organisms?

II. Asexual reproduction - class notes and lab

     How are fission and budding of yeast similar?
     In a multicellular organism such as a cnidarian, how is asexual
        reprod. accomplished?
     What are the 'advantages and disadvantages' of asexual repro?
     Give examples of the various modes of asex. repro.

III. Growth -  CH 14 units as indicated
     Chpt units 1-4
     What are the 3 strategies for cell/tissue growth?
       What stategies, over time, may be used to explain F 1.15?

     Relate the stages of the cell cycle and the events and importance
         of each?

     Chpt unit 9 and 10 - relate to plant info.
     
     Cells/nuclei in embryos may exhibit variation in the cell cycle.
        Give some examples  [see fig 14.3, 7, 8]

     Positional info may affect division and growth also
       [Chpt 1 units 13, 14, 15]

     What are stem cells and why might they behave differently under 
       different circumstances?
     
 
IV.  Reproduction in plants- class notes, lab 
       [review text figs we talked about in class]

      Alternation of generation - what does this signify?
        What is the role of spores vs gametes in plant life cycle?                                                             

The following combines main info from the text with lecture notes

Shoot apical meristem
  Provides new cells via mitosis for growth in length of shoot
  Gives rise to stem and leaf primordia [L2]
  Upon transition to reproductive growth, produces flower meristem [L3]
  Signal transduction implicated in transition

Flower patterns and genetic control

  Patterned cell division, differentiation and growth 
  Floral organ primordia - organized in whorls
   Stage 1 - appear as butresses on side of apical meristem
   Stage 2 - primordia separate from meristem
   Stage 3 - sepal primordia grow to extend over other floral parts
   Stage 6 - pistil beginning to form
   Stage 7 - stamen primordia distinct
   Stage 8 - anther distinct
   Stage 9 - petal primordia experience accelerated growth

  Three periods in flowering controled by genes
    [illustrates 'Principle of Overlapping Mechanisms']
    Step 1 - vegetative meristem [produces leaves], under influence of 
              flowering genes, transformed to inflorescent meristem
    Step 2 - infl. meristem, under influence of meristem identity genes,
              transformed to floral meristems
    Step 3 - floral meristems, influenced by homeotic genes, give rise to
              flower organ primordia 

   "Loss-of-function" genes provide info about control of these steps
       [transcription factors for master genes - maybe]   

    Step 1 - "emb flower+" required for maintenance of vegetative state
              mutant forms terminal flower immediately after germination;
              "constans+" necessary for 'interpretation' of correct 
              flowering stimulus [light/dark period]
  
    Step 2 - "leafy" mutant- no flower     
             "apetela" mutant - meristems have abnormal divisions

    Step 3 - floral organs affected by homeotic genes in ABC pattern
 Flower and  "ABC"
pattern in Arabidopsis 

No germline analogous to animals
Formation of gametophyte - meiosis and mitosis
  Female - ovule, embryo sac - egg and polar nuclei
  Male -   pollen - tube nucleus and generative nucleus
Double fertilization  

Embryogenesis

  Establishes plant axis and specifies meristems
  Determines specific tissue types
  Provides for food storage

  Postfertilization period
    Organization of zygote asymmetric
      polar nucleus opposite large vacuole
    Asymmetric cleavage results in proembryo with cells having 
     different fates 
      terminal cell - embryo   
      basal cell - suspensor

  Globular proembryo
    Cells probably totipotent until transition period
    No evidence of maternal determinants in embryo

  Globular - heart transition [refers to embryo shape]
    Primordia for tissue types
      protoderm - epidermis
      procambium - lateral cambium
      ground meristem - ground tissue
      apical meristems
    Establishment of root-shoot axis and
      radial organ axis
    Formation of cotyledons

  Organ expansion and maturation period
    Cell division and elongaton
    Differentiation of apical meristems
    Formation of lipid and protein storage bodies
    Cessation of RNA and prot synthesis
    Dehydration
    Dormancy

**For 2003 this is the end of material for test #1


Good luck!