Function of the Circulatory System       Chpt 14  [1st part] sorry about 
margins no time to reformat

1] Transportation - distribution of substances

    a] Gas exchange - 
        O2 transported from lungs to cells for aerobic resp., hemoglobin 
in erythrocytes
        CO2 transported in plasma from cells to lungs for release in 
exhaled air

    b] Nutritive - nutrient molecules absorbed by the gut are transported 
in plasma 
         to liver and all cells of the body

    c] Excretory - wastes, excess water and ions or organics transported 
in plasma 
         to kidney (and skin) for removal

2] Regulation

    a] contributes to temperature control
    b] distributes hormones

3] Protection
    a] protects against invasion of foreign matter/organisms
    b] maintains liquid volume via clotting mechanism
    c] provides immune rx against pathogens

Major Components  of CS

 1] Cardiovascular system
      a] heart - pumps 5L blood/min;  5.5L total vol
      b] blood vessels - tubular network through which fluid flows
            arteries -- arterioles  -- capillaries -- venules  --  veins
      c] blood - fluid tissue; plasma and formed elements

 2] Lymphatic system
      a] lymphatic vessels
      b] interstitial fluid - lymph
      c] lymph nodes - filtration sites; sites of lymphocyte production
          [lymphoid organs: Peyer's patches, tonsils, thymus and spleen]
-------------------

Blood
  To distinguish components a sample of whole blood may be centrifuged  F 
14-1
     Hematocrit - % of volume occupied by erythrocytes;
           45% - 52   m  ,  37 - 48%  f
     Buffy layer - thin layer of leukocytes and platelets;  < 0.5 %
     Plasma - noncellular liquid;  48 - 63% vol

   Blood values
        Volume                        80 - 85ml/kg body wt;      H2O - 93%
        Osmolarity                  280 - 296 mOsm
        pH                                7.35 - 7.45
   Plasma constituents  
        gases, nutrients, wastes, electrolytes  (elaborated in T 14-1 - 
know)  
        hormones
             testosterone:  m 300 - 1100 ng/100ml; f 25 - 90 ng/100ml
             insulin :  2-26uU/ml  (fasting)
        clotting factors
        enzymes
        essential vitamins like folic acid, B complex 

        plasma proteins: % of total
             albumins -  60 %, syn by liver,  major osmotic component 
drawing water 
                   into capillaries to maintain blood vol and pressure
            globulins -  36%, includes 
                alpha and beta - syn in liver, bind to and transport ions 
and other mols. 
                gamma  - antibodies produced by lymphocytes
             fibrinogen -  4%, syn in liver,  required for clot formation
             transferrin - transports iron  [iron balance F 3]

   Formed elements  T 3

      Erythrocytes:  biconcave disk, 7um in diam
           contain hemoglobin - Fe in heme group reversibly binds O2 and a 
little CO2
           anucleate cell in circulation, 3-4 mo life span
           membrane glycoproteins (20+) convey antigens for blood typing
           in adult produced in marrow of long bones

      Leukocytes:  nucleated cells; diapedesis; distinguished by staining 
charac.
           
           Agranulocytes:
                Monocytes - largest, kidney-shaped nuc.; precursor of 
macrophages and 
                     osteoclasts
                Lymphocytes - prod in bone marrow and thymus; small cell 
with little cytopl.;           
                     give rise to plasma  cells which prod antibodies

            Granulocytes - contents of small vesicles have affinity for 
different dyes  
                 Neutrophils - polymorphs - multilobed nucleus, granules 
lightly stained
                 Eosinophils - granules stain deep red
                 Basophils - granules stain very dark blue

      Platelets - thrombocytes, cell fragments having receptors which 
trigger clotting

      Blood cell production - hematopoiesis    F 6
          Pluripotent stem cells - retain capacity to divide; some progeny 
directed into 
              specific cell lines
          HGFs and erythropoietin