FINAL EXAM - What should you study?

Questions will often relate material rather than require simple definition style
responses.  While studying, keep this in mind. 
Remember to go back to reviews for each test to see where the emphases were placed. 
  This is especially important if you intend to improve your performance on any
unit.

Many of the topics/questions from the reviews are included below because they 
are important for the comprehensive understanding of the material presented
throughout the semester
============
Chapter 1 should be used to remind you of the major themes of the course.

Unit: Ecology  [Chapter 42 and 43] 

Mastering Concepts Box pg 855 
Trophic levels
What are the events of primary succession? 
 How does energy flow through an ecosystem? 
What transformations/conversions are required? 
What is important about biogeochemical cycles? 
How do pollutants impact the ecosystem? 

Summary stmts pg 868 #1-7 

What are the major factors which influence biomes? 
What are the major terrestrial and aquatic biomes and what organisms are generally 
associated with each? 
Mastering concepts Boxes on pg 879, 881 and 883 
Summary stmts pg 887 #1-12

==================
The unit which was so fundamental to much of what we discussed
  throughout the course is -
****
Unit: Basic Cell Chemistry , Structure and Metabolism  Chpt 3-6

Be able to recognize/name and explain  functional groups, bonds and chemical
reactions

AN ABSOLUTE MUST -
Four major categories of macromolecules/organic molecules
   Be able to recognize formulae and structural models/diagrams of all 4 categories
   Recognize the structure of all monomers for each category
   What types of chemical reactions occur when macromolecules are synthesized or
          degraded?
   Figs showing structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
   Table 3.7
   RELATE THIS MATERIAL TO photosynthesis, respiration, replication,
     transcription and translation  

Know the importance/significance of special organic mols [and which major category
 they belong to] such as: phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, enzymes, starch and
glycogen

We also emphasized proteins in this unit - Why are they important?   
MC box: pg  39, 53  Summary 1-12, 17-20
============
What statements are included in explaining the Cell Theory? 
What characteristics will enable you to distinguish among eukaryotic cell,
prokaryotic cells
and archaean cells?
What are the major organelles - their function - their location?.
What organelles are unique[for the most part] to the Kingdoms?
If metabolism associated with any organelle was impaired, how would the cell be
affected?

Figures 4.3, 5, 7-10, 13-16
Table 4.1, 3
MC box:  pg 63, 75
Summary 1-9
=========================
The cell membrane serves to separate the interior cellular environment from the
outside environment.  The cell membrane also is highly specialized for specific
functions
and conveys "self".
   What is its structure?  Fig 5.2, 3
   Fluid-mosaic model - explain
   How does structure/chemical composition relate to function?   T 5.1
   What is meant by "self" in this context?
How do molecules cross this barrier?
 
MC box:  pg 87, 93, 96
Summary: 1-9, 11
=======================
Why does a living organism require energy?
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics and how does it affect living organisms?
What is metabolism?   What are metabolic pathways?  Fig 6.8

What is ATP?  What does it provide to cells?     F 6.13
How is it linked to biological reactions?        F 6.14
What are enzymes?  What is their function?       F 6.17
Why are enzymes so specific?
Summary: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8
====================
Unit:Energy Transformations - Chpt 7 and 8  Excerpts from notes

Glycolysis, fermentation and Krebs cycle generate what?

Remember: Synthesis of ATP in the mitochondrion is called oxidative
phosphorylation.  
Electrons from hydrogen provide energy to create a proton gradient (hyd. ion). When
the protons "drop  down" the gradient through the channel in ATPsynthase (located
in mit. cristae), this enzyme is  activated to synthesize ATP. 
The protons and electrons (hydrogen) finally join oxygen and form water. 
When oxygen is not available, ATP is only produced during glycolysis by substrate
phosphorylation.
--------------------
Chapter 8   Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic organisms must have a pigment capable of absorbing photons of light
energy.  
  The major pigment of photosynthesis is chlorophyll a located in the thylakoid
membranes of 
  chloroplasts or mesons (of some monerans).

Figure 8.9 and 8.10 summarize the major events of photophosphorylation.
    What happens to water?  and its components?                  
    What molecules absorbs photons of light energy?
    What gradient drives ATP synthase?      What is the role of ATP synthase? 
    What is the role of the electron acceptor/carrier molecules?
    What are the products of photophosphorylation?

Figure 8.12 summarizes the Calvin cycle..
    Where does carbon for carbohydrate synthesis come from?
    Where does this cycle occur?    Are enzymes involved?
    What molecules provide energy for this cycle?  By what process were they
formed?
    What is the role of ribulose bis-phosphate?
    What is the specifc molecule produced by this cycle? [not required to continue
the cycle]
    Is ATP produced during the cycle?
------------
**Study question: Compare and contrast respiration and photosynthesis.
                  Relate material of chpt 6 to chpt 7 and 8.
Many of you neglected this!
======================
Unit: The continuity of life  [Ch 9-10, 13-15]

9 -   Cell cycle - what is it; what are the stages and their importance; products
       Chromosome structure before and after replication
        Figs. 9.3, 4, 5, 7, 8     Tables 9.1, 9.2      MC box  pg 175    Summary -
1 - 6, 8

 10:  review concepts and vocab.  [especially pg 198 - 201]
        Figs 10.7, 8       MC box  pg 201    Sum.  1, 4, 7, 8

 13:  to pg 274      Figs  13.3, 4, 9 - 13, 15 - 17             Tab. 13.1, 4, 5
         MC box  pg  267, 269, 271 (1-3)   Sum.  1 - 11, 13

 14:  to pg 297   sex-linkage
         Figs 14.1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 14     Tab. 14.1 [linkage results]    
         MC box  pg 290,  293 (1, 3),  297 (1 - 3)    Sum.  1 - 5, 7

 15:  pg 311 -319    use Fig 16.1 for overview of genetic activity
          Figs 15.6 - 9, 12        Tab. 10.1     MC box  pg 313, 317
          Sum.  1, 3 - 5    Rev. questions 1, 2, 4 - 6

==========================
Unit:  The role of the gene in producing the phenotype [Chapt.  16-17]
              and selection over time leads to evolution  [Chpt 18-21] 
Central Dogma  -  Fig 16.1
    Why is this such an important idea?
    How does it relate to our unit on genetics?
    What structural features of the cell play a role in each of the major pathways?
   
Transcription
   How is transcription regulated?   Fig 16.3, 4    Why is this necessary?  
   What  is the role of DNA,  promotor,  transcription factors,  RNA polymerase
   What is the product of transcription?
   What happens to this product before it leaves the nucleus [in eukaryotes]?  Fig
16.10
    MC box pg 329  1,3,4


Translation
   What are the 3 types of RNA and is the role of each?
   What molecules and organelles participate in initiation,  elongation,
termination?
   Distinguish between a codon and an anticodon.
What are mutations?   Give examples.

Summary:  1 - 6, 8, 10 ;  the review and thought questions are good practice
===========
Abiogenesis and Evolution

Synthesis of organic molecules - Fig 17.4
Assembly of macromolecules into primordial cell - Fig 17.5
Origins of metabolism - "RNA" world  -  Fig 17.7
MC box  pg 352
Sum.:  171, 3 - 7
============
What were Darwin’s original observations and ideas ?
    Table   18.1;  MC box pg 382
Evolution in disease  pg 384 - 387;  Fig 18.3 and  BA pg 385
Sum: 18: 1, 2, 5 - 8
============
Evidence for evolution - specific examples such as those in text and class notes
    Embryology
    Anatomy
    Biochemistry
Sum:19: 4, 5, 7
========
 Evolutionary Change - 
     What are examples of variation in a natural population of  non-human or 
      domesticated animals and of  non-agricultural plants.
   Relate this variation to what you know about phenotype and genotype.
   What is the gene pool of a population?
   What changes can occur to alter the frequency of alleles in a gene pool?Fig
20.7
       MC box pg 411  1 - 3, 5
   How do isolation mechanisms contribute to speciation?
      MC box pg 414    1,2
   What are the causes of extinction?
   Sum:  1 - 6, 8